![]() ![]() Professor Carl clearly shows why, in all of these areas, developing nations fail to benefit from multilateral trade agreements as currently constituted. It covers a wide spectrum of essential trade issues, including tariffs, quotas, subsidies, dumping, rules of origin, standards, safeguards, textiles, agriculture, and information technology. Professor Carl's detailed analysis of the effects of WTO rules-as well as rules of no less than 37 other regional trade agreements-on the economic infrastructures of developing nations is as telling and incisive as it is eloquent and insightful. This book examines the trade problems the developing nations face in the new Millennium. The tariffs imposed by rich nations on manufactured products from developing countries are four times higher than the duties on goods from other industrialized nations. The developing World contains 80 percent of the globe's population, but accounts for less than 25 percent of its trade. There are numerous other regional trade organizations in all areas of the world and it is possible to find information about them in some of the resources listed in the general information section. Following that are discussions and resources for a selection of regional trade organizations. This section of the guide presents resources relating to the rise and development of regional trade organizations generally. An economic union represents the coordination of all the economic policies of the member countries. With a common market, regional integration includes trade as well as free movement of all aspects of production. In customs unions, member countries eliminate tariffs and create a common external trade regime. Free trade areas occur when member countries eliminate tariffs and trade barriers, but maintain individual foreign trade policies. Regional trade agreements generally take on one of four forms: free trade areas, customs unions, common markets and economic unions. ![]() The goal of a regional trade organization is the liberalization of international trade between the member nations. The Quad was first established in 2007, but it was inactive for several years before being re-established in 2017.Regional trade organizations are multilateral arrangements focused around a geographical area. The QUAD, also known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue or Quad, is a strategic forum comprising the United States, Japan, Australia, and India. The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional trade and economic forum that promotes cooperation among seven countries in the South and Southeast Asia region.The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional trade and economic forum that promotes cooperation and economic integration among 21 countries in the Asia-Pacific region.The Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a regional trade bloc that includes 19 African countries and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member states.The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional trade bloc that includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member countries.The African Union (AU) is a regional trade bloc that includes 55 African countries and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member states. ![]() The Southern Common Market (Mercosur) is a regional trade bloc that includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member countries.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional trade bloc that includes 10 Southeast Asian countries and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member states.The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a regional trade bloc that includes Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and promotes trade and economic cooperation among its member countries.The EU operates as a single market, with the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the region. The European Union (EU) is a regional trade bloc that includes 27 European countries and promotes economic integration and cooperation among its member states.There are many examples of regional trade blocs around the world, including: Examples of regional trade blocs include the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
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